Skip to main content

Banque de France - Menu Principal

Ensemble dialoguons
The Banque de France
Back
- The Banque de France
  
  Discover the section
- An independent and trusted institution
- A public service role and missions
- A strategy for the future
- An engaged central bank
  Back
  An engaged central bank
  
  Corporate social and environmental responsibility
  
  Climate change and sustainable finance
- An innovative central bank
  Back
  An innovative central bank
  
  Innovation at the Banque de France
  
  Le Lab
- Strong and transparent governance
  Back
  Strong and transparent governance
  
  Governance and advisory committees
  
  International ecosystem
  
  European ecosystem
  
  Africa-France partnerships
- Un engagement fort pour l'éducation économique
  Back
  Un engagement fort pour l'éducation économique
  Discover the section
  
  ABC de l'économie
  
  ABC de l'économie
  
  Fiches pédagogiques
  
  Conférences pédagogiques
  
  Concours en économie
- La Banque de France en régions
  Back
  La Banque de France en régions
  Discover the section
  
  Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
  
  Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
  
  Bretagne
  
  Centre-Val de Loire
  
  Corse
  
  Grand Est
  
  Hauts-de-France
  
  Île-de-France
  
  Normandie
  
  Nouvelle-Aquitaine
  
  Occitanie
  
  Pays de la Loire
  
  Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
- Achats et marchés publics
- An institution rooted in history
  Back
  An institution rooted in history
  
  Founding and history of the Banque de France
  
  Behind the Bank’s doors
  
  Collections
At your service
Back
Monetary strategy
Back
- Monetary strategy
  
  Discover the section
- 3-minute guide to monetary strategy
- Monetary strategy mandate
- Operational framework
  Back
  Operational framework
  
  Asset purchase programmes
  
  Refinancing operations
  
  Minimum reserves and standing facilities
  
  Collateral
  
  Collateral
  
  Eurosystem Collateral Management System (ECMS)
  
  Business continuity and regulations
- Diagnostics
- Markets
  Back
  Markets
  
  Foreign exchange reserves
  
  NEU CP and NEU MTN
  
  The Savings and Investments Union
  
  L’intermédiation financière non-bancaire
  
  Euro Secured Note Issuer (ESNI)
  
  Management of gold reserves
- Means of payment
  Back
  Means of payment
  
  National cash management policy
  
  Oversight of cashless payment instruments
  
  Mandate
  
  Institutional framework
  
  National Payments Committee (CNMP)
  
  Discover the CNMP
  
  National retail payments strategy
  
  Payments FAQ
  
  L'Observatoire de la sécurité des moyens de paiement (OSMP)
  
  OSPM's Presentation
  
  Activities of the OSPM
  
  Digital euro
Financial stability
Back
- Financial stability
  
  Discover the section
- 3-minute guide to financial stability
- Financial stability mandate
  Back
  Financial stability mandate
  
  Assessment of vulnerabilities, strengthening of resilience
  
  Oversight of financial institutions
  
  Oversight of payment systems and infrastructures
  
  Supporting the digital transformation
  
  Challenges
  
  Wholesale CBDC
- Institutional framework
  Back
  Institutional framework
  
  Macroprudential policy
  
  Microprudential policy
  
  Payment systems and market infrastructures
  
  Systems operated by the Banque de France
- Activities
Publications and research
Back
- Publications and research
  
  Discover the section
- All publications
- Our main publications
  Back
  Our main publications
  
  Annual reports
  
  Banque de France Bulletin
  
  Bulletin de la BCE
  
  Observatories
  
  Macroeconomic projections
  
  Financial stability report
  
  Registre officiel
- Economic research
  Back
  Economic research
  Discover the section
  
  Economic research
  
  Conferences and seminars
  
  Economists and researchers
  
  Working papers
  
  Bulletins
  
  Publications prior to 2021
- Eco Notepad
Statistics
Back
- Statistics
  
  Discover the section
- All statistics
- Statistical themes and associated Webstat series
  Back
  Statistical themes and associated Webstat series
  Discover the section
  
  Balance of payments
  
  Climate
  
  Commercial paper and medium-term note market
  
  Companies
  
  Economic climate
  
  Crédit et titres de dette
  
  Épargne
  
  Inclusion financière
  
  Inflation
  
  International banking activities
  
  Money
  
  National financial accounts
  
  Rates and prices
- Calendar of statistical releases
- Go to Webstat portal
- Accès aux données granulaires
- Espace déclarants
  Back
  Espace déclarants
  Discover the section
  
  Portail OneGate
  
  Collecte annuelle statistique PEA (DGT-PEA)
  
  Guides utilisateurs Onegate
  
  Nomenclatures et listes diverses
- Methodologies
News and events
Back
- News and events
  
  Discover the section
- News
- Governor's speeches
- Press releases
- Events
- Press area
- Les podcasts de la Banque de France
  Back
  Les podcasts de la Banque de France
  Discover the section
  
  Dialogue &co
  
  On parle cash
- La parole à
- Concours et prix de la Banque de France
Join us
Comités consultatifs
Back
- Comités consultatifs
- CCSF
  Back
  CCSF
  Discover the section
  
  Actualités et publications
  
  Publications du CCSF
  
  Connaitre le CCSF
  
  Rôle et missions du CCSF
  
  Gouvernance du CCSF
  
  Avant le CCSF
  
  Médiation du CCSF
  
  Glossaire du CCSF
- CCLRF
  Back
  CCLRF
  Discover the section
  
  Connaitre le CCLRF
  
  Missions du CCLRF
  
  Composition du CCLRF
  
  Ordres du jour
  
  Réglementation
  
  Publications du CCLRF
  
  Avis du CCLRF
  
  Rapports annuels du CCLRF
- - en
  - fr

Contact us
Find us
Language : EN
- FR
Search

François Velde

Home
François Velde

François Velde

Auteur

Publications

Why Have Interest Rates Fallen far Below the Return on Capital

Eco Notepad

Monetary policy

24th of May 2017

Sign up for our newsletter and subscribe to the latest publication alerts

Subscribe

Site navigation

Ensemble dialoguons
The Banque de France
At your service
Monetary strategy
Financial stability
Publications and research
Statistics
News and events
Join us
Comités consultatifs

Footer secondary menu

Contact us
Sourds et malentendants
Press area
Achats et marchés publics
Glossary
FAQs

©2025 Banque de France

Footer legal notice menu

Legal
Accessibility - partially compliant
Help
Privacy policy
Cookies
Site map

Our current topics

Ensemble dialoguons

Overindebtedness

Digital euro

Right to a bank account

Governor

Payment incident registers

Our current topics

Ensemble dialoguons

Overindebtedness

Digital euro

Right to a bank account

Governor

Payment incident registers